Reading 2: Notes

Investigating Design: A Review of Forty Years of Design Research
Nigan Bayazit

What is Design Research ?

Design research is systematic inquiry

1: Design research is concerned with the physical embodiment of man-made things, how these things perform their jobs, and ho they work
2: Design research is concerned with construction as a human activity, hw designs work, how they think, and how they carry out design activity.
3: Design research is concerned with what is achieved at the end of a purposeful design activity, how an artificial thing appears, and what it means.
4: Design research is concerned with the embodiment of configurations.
5: Design research is systematic search and acquisition of knowledge related to design activity.

The objectives of design research are the study, research and investigation of the artificial

All design research reports are related to the history or past

Each research report has to prove its roots in the past

The roots of design research are found within the Bauhaus, which was established as the methodological foundation for design education

Develop a “design science” that would obtain maximum human advantage from a minimal use of energy and materials

Due to technological developments and the implications of mass production, interest had to be shifted from the hardware and form to the consideration of human needs

First Generation Design Methods

“Systematic design methods”

Everyone was systematizing his or her own approach to design, and externalizing it as design method

Incorporating scientific techniques and knowledge into the design process.

They were attempting to work out the rational criteria of decision making, and trying to optimize the decisions.

Confrontation

Behaviorists, representing a mechanized, quantified view of design.

Existentialist/phenomenologist (formerly Marxist) concerned , above all “ with the humanness”

Provide a format for researchers to present their current work for evaluation from their peers.

To encourage dialogue between the researchers and the practitioners who are interesting in the application of this work.

Researcher & Practitioner

Studies related to planning methods

The consequences of the illegitimate simplifications of the first generation design techniques

Second- Generation Design Methods

Finding appropriate solutions was very difficult and each solution to a problem created new problems to be solved

The first generation design methods were formulated and applied by scientists and designers

Were identified by them during the design process, which caused rigidity in design decisions and unexpected failures

Argumentative method

Problem identification methods

User involvement in design decisions and the identification of their objectives were the main characteristics of the second-generation methods

The success of the participatory design process depended on the designer’s awareness of user values

Development of Scientific Research in Design

Throughout the 1920s, industrial fatigue research became the most important subject

Increasing the efficiency

Cybernetics influenced many design methodologists

Began to develop research methods for the artificial

Profession-based theories, user-based theories, user-profession-based theories

Building appearance & Dealing with profession

New generation of systematic design methods

Developing a science of engineering design and the establishing design as an accepted field of engineering research

Close relationship between design research and the development in the IT field, especially in cognitive sciences and “ artificial intelligence” ( AI) and expert systems.

Designing behaviors of expert designers

Relationship between practice and research in design

Conclusion

Articles and book chapters concerning state-of-the-art reviews, the history of the discipline, or original conference proceedings and other documents were used in this paper

Design research & its relevance to design methodology & scientific research

Most design research studies were made in architecture

Future studies in various design disciplines including: engineering, psychology , social psychology, management , economies, semantics, and ergonomics


Method Designing : the Paradox of Modern Design Education
Jessica Helfand

Draw on emotions to achieve a true understanding of a character

Ultimately reveal the degree to which a character could be a hugely complex human being with feelings, emotions and often-conflicting desires.

There are always expectations to the rule, deviations from the principal learning curve

How do you teach discipline and promote invention?

Achieving honesty increases chances in engaging your audience as a result.

Self-aware, idiosyncratic abstraction that seems to lie at the core of the theoretical process

The part that amplifies personal memory and replays it as objective truth.

In an effort to produce designers who can think for themselves, we ask our students to identify a method which becomes evident through the work that they produce

The richness of their sources testifies to an ability to engage a large universe, and their work benefits

In being true to ourselves, we distance ourselves from a more universal truth

Authenticity

“Love the art in yourself, not yourself in the art.”

To better understand our selves as authors requires a certain amount of self-reflection,

Self-knowledge cannot be a method. It is simply a motive


The Problem: The Heart of the Research Process
Leedy & Ormrod

The statement of the problem must first be expressed with the utmost precision

Then divided into more manageable sub-problems

Finding Research Projects

Problems for research are everywhere

Research intimately related to the ever-expanding and exploding universe of knowledge

Some research projects are intended to enhance basic knowledge

Such projects, which can advance human beings’ theoretical conceptualizations about a particular topic, are known as basic research

Address issues that have immediate relevance

Such projects, which can inform human decision making about practical problems, are known as applied research

Basic research and applied research